What is it?
Undescended testes (also called cryptorchidism) is a condition where one or both testicles fail to move down into the scrotum before birth. It is one of the most common congenital conditions in boys. Usually, the testicle is located in the groin or abdomen instead of the scrotum.
Key Facts:
- Affects about 2–4% of full-term newborn boys (more common in premature babies).
- In many cases, the testis descends naturally within the first few months of life.
- If the testis remains undescended after 6 months of age, it usually requires treatment.
Symptoms & Signs:
- The scrotum appears smaller or uneven.
- One or both testicles cannot be felt in the scrotum.
- Most children do not have pain or other symptoms.
Causes & Risk Factors:
- Prematurity or low birth weight
- Family history of undescended testes
- Hormonal or developmental issues during pregnancy
- Certain maternal health factors (e.g., smoking, diabetes)
Diagnosis:
- Physical examination (usually at birth and during routine baby checks)
- Ultrasound or other imaging may be used if the testicle is not easily felt
Treatment Options:
- Observation: In some cases, testes descend naturally in the first 3–6 months.
- Surgery (orchidopexy): The most common treatment, usually done between 6–18 months of age. The surgeon moves the testicle into the scrotum and secures it.
- Hormone therapy: Rarely used, less effective than surgery.
Why treatment matters:
- Improves fertility potential in later life
- Reduces the risk of testicular cancer (though risk remains slightly higher than normal)
- Allows easier examination of the testicles for future health checks
- Prevents complications such as testicular torsion or trauma
When to seek help:
If your baby’s testicle has not descended by 6 months of age, see a paediatrician or urologist. Early treatment gives the best long-term outcomes.